History of mass deportations in West Africa

The phrase “Ghana Must Go” has historical significance for West Africa. It dates back to 1983, when Nigeria, in the midst of an economic depression, evicted more than 2 million unauthorized migrants, including more than 1 million Ghanaians. This mass expulsion marked a turning point in the relationship between the two countries, leaving a lasting impact on regional history.

Nigeria’s oil industry boomed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, bringing in migrants from all over West Africa. Due to economic hardship and political instability, many Ghanaians have left their home country in search of better prospects in Nigeria. However, Nigeria’s fortunes changed dramatically when world oil prices collapsed in the early 1980s. The ensuing economic crisis caused massive unemployment, inflation and widespread misery among Nigerians.

The administration, led by President Shehu Shagari, has sought to ease rising tensions by cracking down on unauthorized migrants, whom locals have accused of taking jobs and draining public resources. In January 1983, Shagari issued an order ordering all unauthorized immigrants to leave Nigeria within two weeks or face deportation.

The announcement caused consternation as millions of refugees tried to leave. The Ghanaians, the largest group of migrants, were particularly cruel. Many people packed their belongings in the iconic red, blue and white plastic cell bags that have come to be associated with the statement “Ghana must go”. Over time, these bags became a symbol of mobility and sustainability.

The journey back to Ghana was exhausting. In the absence of adequate transport and minimal aid, many migrants covered long distances on foot, battling hunger and fatigue. Unfortunately, some died on the way.

The deportation soured relations between Ghana and Nigeria, although both governments eventually sought reconciliation. The unexpected return home of over a million people worsened Ghana’s already difficult economic situation. However, the deportees brought talent and experience that helped Ghana recover.

Today, “Ghana Must Go” is seen as a cautionary tale about the risks migrant workers face during economic downturns. Checkered bags, originally symbols of displacement, have become a cultural relic that symbolizes resilience and flexibility in the face of adversity.

This gathering serves as a poignant reminder of the interconnected histories and shared challenges of West African nations.